In statistics, we use hypothesis tests to determine whether some claim about a population parameter is true or not.
Whenever we perform a hypothesis test, we always write a null hypothesis and an alternative hypothesis, which take the following forms:
H0 (Null Hypothesis): Population parameter = ≤, ≥ some value
HA (Alternative Hypothesis): Population parameter <, >, ≠ some value
There are two types of hypothesis tests:
- Two-tailed test: Alternative hypothesis contains the ≠ sign
- One-tailed test: Alternative hypothesis contains either < or > sign
In a one-tailed test, the alternative hypothesis contains the less than (“<“) or greater than (“>”) sign. This indicates that we’re testing whether or not there is a positive or negative effect.
Check out the following example problems to gain a better understanding of one-tailed tests.
Example 1: Factory Widgets
Suppose it’s assumed that the average weight of a certain widget produced at a factory is 20 grams. However, one engineer believes that a new method produces widgets that weigh less than 20 grams.
To test this, he can perform a one-tailed hypothesis test with the following null and alternative hypotheses:
- H0 (Null Hypothesis): μ ≥ 20 grams
- HA (Alternative Hypothesis): μ < 20 grams
Note: We can tell this is a one-tailed test because the alternative hypothesis contains the less than (<) sign. Specifically, we would call this a left-tailed test because we’re testing if some population parameter is less than a specific value.
To test this, he uses the new method to produce 20 widgets and obtains the following information:
- n = 20 widgets
- x = 19.8 grams
- s = 3.1 grams
Plugging these values into the One Sample t-test Calculator, we obtain the following results:
- t-test statistic: -0.288525
- one-tailed p-value: 0.388
Since the p-value is not less than .05, the engineer fails to reject the null hypothesis.
He does not have sufficient evidence to say that the true mean weight of widgets produced by the new method is less than 20 grams.
Example 2: Plant Growth
Suppose a standard fertilizer has been shown to cause a species of plants to grow by an average of 10 inches. However, one botanist believes a new fertilizer can cause this species of plants to grow by an average of greater than 10 inches.
To test this, she can perform a one-tailed hypothesis test with the following null and alternative hypotheses:
- H0 (Null Hypothesis): μ ≤ 10 inches
- HA (Alternative Hypothesis): μ > 10 inches
Note: We can tell this is a one-tailed test because the alternative hypothesis contains the greater than (>) sign. Specifically, we would call this a right-tailed test because we’re testing if some population parameter is greater than a specific value.
To test this claim, she applies the new fertilizer to a simple random sample of 15 plants and obtains the following information:
- n = 15 plants
- x = 11.4 inches
- s = 2.5 inches
Plugging these values into the One Sample t-test Calculator, we obtain the following results:
- t-test statistic: 2.1689
- one-tailed p-value: 0.0239
Since the p-value is less than .05, the botanist rejects the null hypothesis.
She has sufficient evidence to conclude that the new fertilizer causes an average increase of greater than 10 inches.
Example 3: Studying Method
A professor currently teaches students to use a studying method that results in an average exam score of 82. However, he believes a new studying method can produce exam scores with an average value greater than 82.
To test this, he can perform a one-tailed hypothesis test with the following null and alternative hypotheses:
- H0 (Null Hypothesis): μ ≤ 82
- HA (Alternative Hypothesis): μ > 82
Note: We can tell this is a one-tailed test because the alternative hypothesis contains the greater than (>) sign. Specifically, we would call this a right-tailed test because we’re testing if some population parameter is greater than a specific value.
To test this claim, the professor has 25 students use the new studying method and then take the exam. He collects the following data on the exam scores for this sample of students:
- n = 25
- x = 85
- s = 4.1
Plugging these values into the One Sample t-test Calculator, we obtain the following results:
- t-test statistic: 3.6586
- one-tailed p-value: 0.0006
Since the p-value is less than .05, the professor rejects the null hypothesis.
He has sufficient evidence to conclude that the new studying method produces exam scores with an average score greater than 82.
Additional Resources
The following tutorials provide additional information about hypothesis testing:
Introduction to Hypothesis Testing
What is a Directional Hypothesis?
When Do You Reject the Null Hypothesis?
