There are three ways to calculate the square of a value in R:
Method 1: Use ^
x^2
Method 2: Use **
x**2
Method 3: Use *
x*x
Note that each of these methods will work with a single value, a vector, or a data frame.
The following examples show how to use each method in practice.
Example1: Calculate Square Using ^
The following code shows how to calculate the square of a single value using the ^ symbol:
#define variable x <- 5 #calculate square of variable x^2 [1] 25
The following code shows how to calculate the square of each value in a vector using the ^ symbol:
#define vector x <- c(2, 5, 6, 9) #calculate square of each value in vector x^2 [1] 4 25 36 81
The following code shows how to calculate the square of each value in a data frame using the ^ symbol:
#define data frame x <- data.frame(A=c(2, 4, 5, 7, 8), B=c(3, 3, 5, 9, 12), C=c(7, 7, 8, 9, 15)) #view data frame x A B C 1 2 3 7 2 4 3 7 3 5 5 8 4 7 9 9 5 8 12 15 #calculate square of each value in data frame x^2 A B C 1 4 9 49 2 16 9 49 3 25 25 64 4 49 81 81 5 64 144 225
Example 2: Calculate Square Using **
The following code shows how to calculate the square of a single value using the ** symbol:
#define variable x <- 5 #calculate square of variable x**2 [1] 25
The following code shows how to calculate the square of each value in a vector using the ** symbol:
#define vector x <- c(2, 5, 6, 9) #calculate square of each value in vector x**2 [1] 4 25 36 81
The following code shows how to calculate the square of each value in a data frame using the ** symbol:
#define data frame x <- data.frame(A=c(2, 4, 5, 7, 8), B=c(3, 3, 5, 9, 12), C=c(7, 7, 8, 9, 15)) #view data frame x A B C 1 2 3 7 2 4 3 7 3 5 5 8 4 7 9 9 5 8 12 15 #calculate square of each value in data frame x**2 A B C 1 4 9 49 2 16 9 49 3 25 25 64 4 49 81 81 5 64 144 225
Example 3: Calculate Square Using *
The following code shows how to calculate the square of a single value using the * symbol:
#define variable x <- 5 #calculate square of variable x*x [1] 25
The following code shows how to calculate the square of each value in a vector using the * symbol:
#define vector x <- c(2, 5, 6, 9) #calculate square of each value in vector x*x [1] 4 25 36 81
The following code shows how to calculate the square of each value in a data frame using the * symbol:
#define data frame x <- data.frame(A=c(2, 4, 5, 7, 8), B=c(3, 3, 5, 9, 12), C=c(7, 7, 8, 9, 15)) #view data frame x A B C 1 2 3 7 2 4 3 7 3 5 5 8 4 7 9 9 5 8 12 15 #calculate square of each value in data frame x*x A B C 1 4 9 49 2 16 9 49 3 25 25 64 4 49 81 81 5 64 144 225
Notice that all three methods produce the same result.
Feel free to use whichever method you prefer.
Additional Resources
The following tutorials explain how to perform other common tasks in R:
How to Remove Specific Elements from Vector in R
How to Remove NA Values from Vector in R
How to Filter a Vector in R
